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Now, imagine what happens when, as shown in Figure 3, the wavefront slams into the end of the wires. At that point the top wire comprises a region of compressed charges. The bottom wire has a deficit of charges. The charge carriers making up the physical wire that creates the short-circuit experience a double whammy of electric effects: pushing from the top wire and pulling from the bottom. That double-size impetus unleashes a torrent of current, twice as much as exists elsewhere in the system. Once begun, charges flush through the endpoint, rapidly discharging the excess of charge on the top wire and re-populating the bottom.
Short-Circuited Torrent
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In the closed-endpoint simulation, at any time before the wavefront reaches the far (right-hand) end of the line, the charges on the top wire are pushed from the left into a sea of particle that exist at nominal density. When the wavefront reaches the end, the mitigating effect of the nominal charge carrier density to the right is lost. The charges at the end experience double acceleration, doubling the current, while the voltage at that point remains zero. This is the "current-doubling" effect that happens at a short-circuited endpoint. That is the exact opposite of the behavior that happens at an open-circuited endpoint, where the voltage doubles, but the endpoint current remains zero.
TIG welding must be operated with a drooping, constant current power source - either DC or AC. A constant current power source is essential to avoid excessively high currents being drawn when the electrode is short-circuited on to the workpiece surface. This could happen either deliberately during arc starting or inadvertently during welding. If, as in MIG welding, a flat characteristic power source is used, any contact with the workpiece surface would damage the electrode tip or fuse the electrode to the workpiece surface. In DC, because arc heat is distributed approximately one-third at the cathode (negative) and two-thirds at the anode (positive), the electrode is always negative polarity to prevent overheating and melting. However, the alternative power source connection of DC electrode positive polarity has the advantage in that when the cathode is on the workpiece, the surface is cleaned of oxide contamination. For this reason, AC is used when welding materials with a tenacious surface oxide film, such as aluminium.
Confronting the issue of joinder of members of torrenting swarms, AF Holdings argued that joinder of the 1,058 John Does was presumptively proper because each defendant was necessarily part of the same transaction or series of transactions in the swarm. Id. at 998. However, drawing from an analogy offered by amicus counsel at oral argument,
To stop the insanity, Wang short-circuited the system, takingthe astonishing step--considering what his $3.9 billion companydoes for a living--of banning all E-mails from 9:30 a.m. to 12noon and from 1:30 p.m. to 4 p.m. These hours are now rigidlyobserved as a sort of electronic quiet time. Says Wang: "Itworked wonderfully. People are walking the corridors againtalking to other people."
Ah, those CCs. When Charles Wang lifted the lid on his system atComputer Associates, corporate paranoia gushed out in torrentsas employees blanketed the company with CCs. No decision was toosmall, no change too minor not to notify everyone remotelyinvolved. "It had turned into the biggest cover-your-ass thingyou could imagine," says Wang. "People would send these thingsjust so they could say, 'But I copied you on that.'" Nowcompanies such as SmithKline Beecham are tightening the spigotby encouraging employees to limit the number of CCs they send.At Ernst & Young, systemwide messages (to everyone) are verboten.
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